Diferensya entre trocamientos de "Lingua djudeo-espanyola"

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== History ==
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During the Middle Ages, Jews were instrumental in the development of Castilian into a prestige language. In the [[Toledo School of Translators]], erudite Jews translated Arabic and Hebrew works (often translated earlier from Greek) into Castilian and Christians translated again into Latin for transmission to Europe.
 
Until recent times, the language was widely spoken throughout the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa, having been brought there by Jewish refugees fleeing Spain following the expulsion of the Jews in [[1492]].
 
The contact among Jews of different regions and tongues (including Catalan, Leonese and Portuguese) developed a unified dialect, already different in some aspects of the Castilian norm that was forming simultaneously in Spain. The language was known as ''Yahudice'' (Jewish language) in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In late 18th century, Enderunlu Fazıl ([[Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni]]) wrote in his ''[[Zenanname]]'': "Spaniards speak the Jewish language but they are not Jews."
 
The common Ladino and Spanish favoured trade among Sephardim (often relatives) ranging from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands and the ''[[converso]]s'' of Spain and Portugal.
Over time, a corpus of literature, both liturgical and secular, developed. Early Ladino literature was limited to translations from Hebrew. At the end of the 17th century, Hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for Rabbinic instruction. Thus a literature in the popular tongue (Ladino) appeared in the 18th century, such as [[Me'am Lo'ez]] and poetry collections. By the end of the 19th century, Sephardim in the [[Ottoman Empire]] studied in schools of the [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]]. French became the language for foreign relations (as it did for [[Maronite]]s), and ''Ladino'' drew from French for neologisms. New secular genres appeared: more than 300 journals, history, theatre, biographies. De akodro a las ideyas de Haim Vidal Sephiha, Interaction with French also gave way to the creation of a new language named ''judeo-franyol''.
 
Given the relative isolation of many communities, a number of regional dialects of Ladino appeared, many with only limited mutual comprehensibility. This is due largely to the adoption of large numbers of [[loanword]]s from the surrounding populations, including, depending on the location of the community, from [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and, in the [[Balkans]], [[Slavic languages]], especially [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]].
 
Ladino was the common language of [[Salonika]] during the period of [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman]] rule. The city became part of the modern [[Greece|Greek Republic]] in 1912 and subsequently renamed to its original historical name [[Thessaloniki]]. Despite [[Great Fire of Thessaloniki|a major fire]], economic oppression by Greek authorities, and mass settlement of Greek-speaking refugees, the language remained widely spoken in Salonika until the death of 50,000 Salonikan Jews in [[the Holocaust]] during the [[Second World War]].
 
Ladino was also a language used in [[Donmeh]] ("Dönme" in Turkish meaning convert and referring to adepts of Sabbatai Tsevi converted to Moslem religion by the Ottoman empire) rites. An example is the recite ''Sabbatai Tsevi esperamos a ti''. Today, the religious practices and ritual use of Ladino seem to be confined to elderly generations.
 
The [[Spanish Northern Africa|Spanish colonization of Northern Africa]] favoured the role of polyglot Sephardim who bridged between Spanish colonizers and Arab and Berber speakers.
 
In the twentieth century, the number of speakers declined sharply: entire communities were eradicated in [[the Holocaust]], while the remaining speakers, many of whom migrated to [[Israel]], adopted [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The governments of the new [[nation-state]]s encouraged instruction in the official languages. At the same time, it aroused the interest of philologists since it conserved language and literature which existed prior to the standardisation of Spanish.