Diferensya entre trocamientos de "Lingua djudeo-espanyola"
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Liña 5:
El '''djudeo-espanyol''' o '''ladino''' (גודיאו-איספאנייול) es la [[lingua]] avlada por los [[sefardim]], [[djudio]]s ekspulsados de [[Espanya]] en [[1492]]. Es una lingua derivada del [[Lingua espanyola |espanyol]] i avlado por 150.000 personas en komunitas en [[Israel]], [[Turkia]], antika [[Yugoslavia]], [[Gresia]], [[Maruecos]], entre otros.
{{fin}}
{{Infobox Language
|name=Ladino/Judæo-Spanish
|nativename=גודיאו-איספאנייול ''Djudeo-espanyol''
|familycolor=Indo-European
|states=[[Israel]], [[Turkey]], [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Mexico]], [[Curaçao]]
|speakers=100,000 in [[Israel]]<br>8,000 in [[Turkey]]<br>1,000 in [[Greece]]<br>unknown numbers elsewhere, steady decline in all those places
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam5=Western
|fam6=Gallo-Iberian
|fam7=[[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
|fam8=[[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
|fam9=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|agency=[[Alliance Israelite Universelle]]
|iso2=lad|iso3=lad}}
{{distinguish|Ladin}}
'''Ladino''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]], derived mainly from Old [[Names given to the Spanish language|Castilian]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The relationship of Ladino to Castilian Spanish is comparable to that of [[Yiddish]] to [[German language|German]]. Speakers are currently almost exclusively [[Sephardic]] [[Jew]]s, for example, in (or from) [[Thessaloniki]] and [[Istanbul]].
Ladino has kept the [[palatal consonant|palatal]] phonemes {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} of Old Spanish, which both changed to the [[velar consonant|velar]] {{IPA|/x/}} in modern Spanish; Ladino also has an {{IPA|/x/}} phoneme taken over from Hebrew. In some places it has also developed certain characteristic usages, such as ''muestro'' for ''nuestro'' (our). Its grammatical structure is close to that of [[Spanish language|Spanish]], with the addition of many terms from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[South Slavic]] languages depending on where its speakers resided.
==Name of language==
The name "Ladino" is a variant of "Latin". The language is also called '''Judæo-Spanish''', '''Sefardi''', '''Djudio''', '''Dzhudezmo''', '''Judezmo''', and '''Spanyol'''; '''Haquitía''' (from the Arabic ''haka'' حكى, "tell") refers to the dialect of North Africa, especially [[Morocco]]. The dialect of the Oran area of Algeria was called '''[[Tetuani]]''', after the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] town [[Tétouan]], since many Oranais [[Jew]]s came from this city. In Hebrew, the language is called '''Spanyolit'''.
According to the [[Ethnologue]],
:The name 'Dzhudezmo' is used by Jewish linguists, 'Judeo-Espanyol' or simply 'Djudio' by Turkish Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, especially in Israel; 'Hakitia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others.
The derivation of the name "Ladino" is complicated. In pre-Expulsion Spain the word simply meant "Spanish": literary Spanish as distinct from dialect, and Spanish in general as distinct from Arabic. Following the expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the traditional oral translation of the Bible into archaic Spanish. By extension it came to mean that style of Spanish generally, in the same way that (among Kurdish Jews) ''[[Targum (Aramaic dialect)|Targum]]'' has come to mean [[Judeo-Aramaic language|Judaeo-Aramaic]] and (in Arab countries) ''sharħ'' has come to mean [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judaeo-Arabic]]. For this reason, authors like [[Haim Vidal Sephiha]]<ref name="Sephiha">[http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/florilegio/vidalsephiha/ladino1.htm El ladino. Lengua litúrgica de los judíos españoles]. Haim Vidal Sephiha. [[Historia 16]], 1978</ref> reserve "Ladino" for the very hebraicized form of the language used in religious translations such as the [[Ferrara Bible]], which was based on the traditional oral version.
==Variants==
At the time of the expulsion from Spain, the day to day language of Spanish Jews was little if at all different from that of other Spaniards. There was however a special style used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect of Spanish, a large number of Hebrew and Aramaic loan-words and a tendency to render Hebrew word order literally (''ha-laylah ha-zeh'', meaning "this night", was rendered ''la noche la esta'' instead of the normal Spanish ''esta noche''<ref>[http://www.cryptojews.com/clearing_up_ladino.htm "Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music"] Judith Cohen, HaLapid, winter 2001; [http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1596 Sephardic Song] Judith Cohen, Midstream July/August 2003</ref>). As stated above, some authorities would confine the term "Ladino" to this style.
Following the expulsion, the daily language was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars such as Greek and Turkish, and came to be known as ''Dzhudezmo'': in this respect the development is parallel to that of [[Yiddish]]. However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style nearer to the Spanish of the expulsion, referred to as ''Castellano''.
The Judaeo-Spanish dialect of Northern Morocco, known as ''[[Haketia]]'', is the subject of a separate article.
==Orthography==
Today, ''Ladino'' is most commonly written with the [[Latin alphabet]], especially in [[Turkey]]. However, it is still sometimes written in the [[Hebrew alphabet]] (especially in [[Rashi]] characters), a practice that was very common, possibly almost universal, until the 19th century (and called ''[[aljamiado]]'', by analogy with Arabic usage). Although the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets have been employed in the past <ref>''Verba Hispanica'' X: [http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí], Katja Smid, Ljubljana, pages 113-124: ''Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego. [...] Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico''. The Nezirović reference is: Nezirović, M., ''Jevrejsko-Spanjolska knjitévnost''. Institut za knjifevnost, Svjeálost, Sarajevo, 1992.</ref>, this is rare nowadays. Following the decimation of Sephardic communities throughout much of [[Europe]] (particularly in the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Balkans]]) during the [[Holocaust]] the greatest proportion of speakers remaining were [[Turkey|Turkish]] Jews. As a result the Turkish variant of the [[Latin alphabet]] is widely used for publications in ''Ladino''. The Israeli [[Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino]] promotes another spelling. There are also those who, with [[Iacob M Hassán]], claim that Ladino should adopt the orthography of the standard Spanish language.
Perhaps more conservative and less popular, others along with [[Pablo Carvajal Valdés]] suggest that Ladino should adopt the orthography used during the time of the Jewish expulsion of 1492 from Spain. The orthography of that time has standardized and eventually changed by a series of reforms; it was finally changed by an [[orthographic reform]] in the 18th century. Ladino has retained some of the pronunciation that at the time of reforms had become archaic in standard Spanish. Adopting 15th century orthography for Ladino would bring back into existence the {{IPA|/s/}} (originally {{IPA|/ts/}}) - ''c'' (before ''e'' and ''i'') and ''ç''/''z'' ([[cedilla]]): such in ''caça'', which was a letter of Spanish origin, the {{IPA|/s/}} - ''ss'' : such as in ''passo'' and the {{IPA|/ʃ/}} - ''x'' : like in ''dixo''. The original pronunciation of {{IPA|/ʒ/}} - ''g'' (before ''e'' or ''i'') and ''j'' : ''mujer'', would be reestablished and the {{IPA|/z/}} (originally {{IPA|/dz/}}) - ''z'' : would remain in Ladino words like ''fazer'' and ''dezir''. The {{IPA|/z/}} - ''s'' : in between vowels like in ''casa'', would regain its pronunciation under this orthography as well. Like in modern Spanish, in Ladino the /z/ - ''s'' is also present before ''m'', ''d'' and others like in ''mesmo'' or ''desde''. The distinctive Ladino {{IPA|/ʃ/}} - ''s'' : like in ''buscar'', ''cosquillas'', ''mascar'', ''pescar'' or after ''is'' endings like in ''séis'', ''favláis'' or ''sois'' could be reflected through writing ''x''.
The difference between ''b'' and ''v'' would be clearer giving some concessions to Latin spelling, as in the case of the reflex of intervocalic ''<small>-B-</small>'': eg Latin ''<small>DEBET</small>'' > post-1800 Spanish ''debe'', will return to its Old Castilian ''deve'' spelling. The use of the digraphs ''ch'', ''ph'' and ''th'' ( today {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/t/}} in standard Spanish respectively), formally reformed in 1803, would be in used in words like ''orthographía'', ''theología''. Latin ''q'' before words like ''quando'', ''quanto'' and ''qual'' would also be used. Some argue that using Old Castilian Orthography will only distance non-Hispanic characteristics about Ladino and create problems that phonetical systems solve. Nevertheless, Classical and Golden Age Spanish literature would gain renewed interest, better appreciation and understanding should its orthography be used again.
== History ==
{{unreferencedsect|date=September 2006}}
During the Middle Ages, Jews were instrumental in the development of Castilian into a prestige language. In the [[Toledo School of Translators]], erudite Jews translated Arabic and Hebrew works (often translated earlier from Greek) into Castilian and Christians translated again into Latin for transmission to Europe.
Until recent times, the language was widely spoken throughout the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa, having been brought there by Jewish refugees fleeing Spain following the expulsion of the Jews in [[1492]].
The contact among Jews of different regions and tongues (including Catalan, Leonese and Portuguese) developed a unified dialect, already different in some aspects of the Castilian norm that was forming simultaneously in Spain. The language was known as ''Yahudice'' (Jewish language) in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In late 18th century, Enderunlu Fazıl ([[Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni]]) wrote in his ''[[Zenanname]]'': "Spaniards speak the Jewish language but they are not Jews."
The common Ladino and Spanish favoured trade among Sephardim (often relatives) ranging from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands and the ''[[converso]]s'' of Spain and Portugal.
Over time, a corpus of literature, both liturgical and secular, developed. Early Ladino literature was limited to translations from Hebrew. At the end of the 17th century, Hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for Rabbinic instruction. Thus a literature in the popular tongue (Ladino) appeared in the 18th century, such as [[Me'am Lo'ez]] and poetry collections. By the end of the 19th century, Sephardim in the [[Ottoman Empire]] studied in schools of the [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]]. French became the language for foreign relations (as it did for [[Maronite]]s), and ''Ladino'' drew from French for neologisms. New secular genres appeared: more than 300 journals, history, theatre, biographies. Interaction with French also gave way to the creation of a new language named ''judeo-franyol''
Given the relative isolation of many communities, a number of regional dialects of Ladino appeared, many with only limited mutual comprehensibility. This is due largely to the adoption of large numbers of [[loanword]]s from the surrounding populations, including, depending on the location of the community, from [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and, in the [[Balkans]], [[Slavic languages]], especially [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]].
Ladino was the common language of [[Salonika]] during the period of [[Ottoman Greece|Ottoman]] rule. The city became part of the modern [[Greece|Greek Republic]] in 1912 and subsequently renamed to its original historical name [[Thessaloniki]]. Despite [[Great Fire of Thessaloniki|a major fire]], economic oppression by Greek authorities, and mass settlement of Greek-speaking refugees, the language remained widely spoken in Salonika until the death of 50,000 Salonikan Jews in [[the Holocaust]] during the [[Second World War]].
Ladino was also a language used in [[Donmeh]] ("Dönme" in Turkish meaning convert and referring to adepts of Sabbatai Tsevi converted to Moslem religion by the Ottoman empire) rites. An example is the recite ''Sabbatai Tsevi esperamos a ti''. Today, the religious practices and ritual use of Ladino seem to be confined to elderly generations.
The [[Spanish Northern Africa|Spanish colonization of Northern Africa]] favoured the role of polyglot Sephardim who bridged between Spanish colonizers and Arab and Berber speakers.
In the twentieth century, the number of speakers declined sharply: entire communities were eradicated in [[the Holocaust]], while the remaining speakers, many of whom migrated to [[Israel]], adopted [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The governments of the new [[nation-state]]s encouraged instruction in the official languages. At the same time, it aroused the interest of philologists since it conserved language and literature which existed prior to the standardisation of Spanish.
Ladino is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly [[Aliyah|olim]] (immigrants to Israel), who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music. In addition, Sephardic communities in several Latin American countries still use ''Ladino''. The danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern [[Castilian Spanish]].
[[Kol Yisrael]] and [[Radio Nacional de España]] hold regular radio broadcasts in Ladino. ''[[Law & Order]]'' showed an episode with references to Ladino language. Films partially or totally in Ladino include [[Novia que te vea (film)|Novia que te vea]] and [[Every Time We Say Goodbye (film)|Every Time We Say Goodbye]].
The Jewish community of Belgrade still chants part of the Sabbath Prayers in Ladino. The Sephardic Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth in Seattle, State of Washington (US) was formed by Jews from Turkey and the Island of Rhodes and they use Ladino in some portions of their Shabbat services. The Siddur is called Zehut Yosef and was written by Hazzan Isaac Azose.
== Songs ==
Folklorists have been collecting ''romances'' and other folk songs, some dating from before the expulsion.
Many religious songs in Ladino are translations of the Hebrew, usually with a different tune. For example, ''Ein k'Eloheynu'' looks like this in Ladino:
:Non komo muestro Dio,
:Non komo muestro Sinyor,
:Non komo muestro Rey,
:Non komo muestro Salvador.
:''etc.''
{|
|'''Quando el Rey Nimrod''' ''(Adaptation)''
|'''When King Nimrod''' ''(translation)''
|-
|Quando el Rey Nimrod al campo salía<br>mirava en el cielo y en la estrellería<br>vido una luz santa en la [[judería]]<br>que havía de nascer Abraham Avinu.
|When King [[Nimrod (king)|Nimrod]] was going out to the fields<br>He was looking at heaven and at the stars<br>He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter<br>[A sign] that [[Abraham]], our father, must have been born.
|-
|Abraham Avinu, Padre querido<br>Padre bendicho, la luz de Israel.
|Abraham Avinu [our Father], dear father<br>Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|-
|Luego a las comadres encomendava<br>que toda mujer que preñada quedasse<br>si no pariera al punto, la matasse<br>que havía de nascer Abraham Avinu.
|Then he was telling all the [[midwife|midwive]]s<br>That every pregnant woman<br>Who did not give birth at once was going to be killed<br>because Abraham our father was going to born.
|-
|Abraham Avinu, Padre querido<br>Padre bendicho, luz de Israel. '
|Abraham Avinu, dear father<br>Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|-
|La mujer de Terach quedó preñada<br>y de día en día le preguntava<br>¿De qué tenéis la cara demudada?<br>ella ya sabía bien qué tenía.
|[[Terach]]'s wife was pregnant<br>and each day he would ask her<br>Why do you look so distraught?<br>She already knew very well what she had.
|-
|Abraham Avinu, padre querido<br>Padre bendicho, luz de Israel.
|Abraham Avinu, dear father<br>Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|-
|En fin de nueve meses parir quería<br>iva caminando por campos y viñas,<br>a su marido tal ni le descubría<br>topó una meara, allí lo pariría
|After nine months she wanted to give birth<br>She was walking through the fields and vineyards<br>Such would not even reach her husband<br>She found a manger; there, she would give birth.
|-
|Abraham Avinu, Padre querido<br>Padre bendixo a la luz de Israel.
|Abraham Avinu, dear father<br>Father who blessed the light of Israel.
|-
|En aquella hora el nascido fablava<br>"Andávos mi madre, de la meara<br>yo ya topo quién me alexasse<br>mandará del cielo quien me acompañará<br>porque só criado del Dios bendito."
|In that hour the newborn was speaking<br>'Get away of the manger, my mother<br>I will somebody to take me out<br>He will send from the heaven the one that will go with me<br>Because I am a servant of the blessed God.'
|-
|Abraham Avinu, Padre querido<br>Padre bendicho, luz de Israel
|Abraham Avinu, dear father<br>Blessed Father, light of Israel.
|-
|
|-
|'''Por una Ninya'''<br>(A song from [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]])
|'''For a Girl''' ''(translation)''
|-
|Por una ninya tan fermoza<br>l'alma yo la vo a dar<br>un kuchilyo de dos kortes<br>en el korason entro.
|For such a beautiful girl<br>I will give my soul<br>a double-edged knife<br>pierced my heart.
|-
|No me mires ke'stó kantando<br>es lyorar ke kero yo<br>los mis males son muy grandes<br>no los puedo somportar.
|Don't look at me; I am singing,<br>it is crying that I want,<br>my sorrows are so great<br>I can't bear them.
|-
|No te lo kontengas tu, fijika,<br>ke sos blanka komo'l simit,<br>ay morenas en el mundo<br>ke kemaron Selanik.
|Don't hold your sorrows, young girl,<br>for you are white like bread,<br>there are brunette girls in the world<br>who set fire to [[Thessaloniki]].
|}
Anachronistically, Abraham - who in the [[Bible]] is the very first Jew and the ancestor of all who followed, hence his appelation "Avinu" (Our Father) - is in the Ladino song born already in the judería, the Jewish quarter. This makes Terach and his wife into Jews, as are the parents of other babies killed by Nimrod. In essence, unlike its Biblical model, the song is about a Jewish community persecuted by a cruel king and witnessing the birth of a miraculous saviour - a subject of obvious interest and attraction to the Jewish people who composed and sang it in Medieval Spain.
Evidently, the song attributes to Abraham many aspects of the birth of [[Jesus]] - the star announcing his impending birth, the cruel king killing innocent babies in an effort to prevent that birth, and his being laid in a manger. Moreover, his speaking rationally to his mother right after birth suggests the [[Muslim]] account where the baby Jesus (honoured by Islam as a Prophet though not as the Son of God) speaks to [[Maryam|Mary]] and counsels her right after birth - a miracle not recounted in the Christian [[Gospels]] (see[http://www.al-sunnah.com/true_message_of_jesus.htm]). Jews in Medieval Spain were likely to be familiar with the Muslim version of Jesus' life as well as the Christian one. On the other hand, there are some references to the above-mentioned events in "Sefer Hayashar" and "Pirkei D'reb Eliezer", the latter predating Jesus' birth according to some, and was commonly referred to by Jewish scholars of the late eighth century onwards.
[[Jennifer Charles]] and [[Oren Bloedow]] from the New York-based band [[Elysian Fields]] released a CD in 2001 called La Mar Enfortuna, which featured modern versions of traditional Sephardic songs, many sung by Charles in Ladino. There are a number of groups in Turkey that sing in Ladino, notably ''Janet - Jak Esim Ensemble'', ''Sefarad'', ''Los Pasharos Sefaradis'', and the children's chorus ''Las Estreyikas d'Estambol''.
==Example==
''El djudeo-espanyol, djudio, djudezmo o ladino es la lingua avlada por los sefardim, djudios ekspulsados de la Espanya enel 1492. Es una lingua derivada del espanyol i avlada por 150.000 personas en komunitas en Israel, la Turkia, antika Yugoslavia, <!--[[User:Zozoulia|{{subst:signed|Zozoulia}} {{time}}]] 12:43, 14 November 2006 (UTC)-->la Gresia, el Maruekos, Boriken, Mayorka, entre otros.''
'''Spanish version'''
''El judeoespañol o ladino es la lengua hablada por los sefardíes, judíos expulsados de España en 1492. Es una lengua derivada del español y hablada por 150.000 personas en comunidades en Israel, Turquía, la Antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Puerto Rico, Mallorca, entre otros.''
'''English'''
Judeo-Spanish or Ladino is a language spoken by the Sephardim, Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. It is a language derived from Spanish and spoken by 150,000 people in communities in Israel, Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Morocco, Puerto Rico, and Mallorca, among others.
==Notes==
<references/>
==References==
* Hemsi, Alberto: ''Cancionero Sefardí''
* Molho, Michael: ''Usos y costumbres de los judíos de Salónica'' (1950)
* Markus, Shimon, ''Ha-safa ha-sefaradit-yehudit'' (the Judeo-Spanish language): Jerusalem, 1965
* Габинский, Марк А. Сефардский (еврейской-испанский) язык (M.A. Gabinsky. Sephardic (Judeo-Spanish) language, in Russian). Ştiinţa: Chişinău, 1992.
* Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia. Ladino-English, English-Ladino: Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary. Hippocrene Books: New York, 2000
==See also ==
*[[Sephardic Jews]]
*[[Jewish languages]]
*[[Judeo-Portuguese]]
*[[Portuguese Inquisition]]
*[[Judaism]]
*[[Yiddish language]]
*[[Haketia]]
*[[Tetuani]]
*[[Şalom]]
*[[Mozarabic]]
*[[Judeo-Romance languages]]
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=lad}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lad Ethnologue report for Ladino]
* [http://www.sephardicstudies.org/komunita.html Ladinokomunita], an email list in ''Ladino''
* [http://www.aki-yerushalayim.co.il/anl/ Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino]
* [http://www.mishkan.com/ladinoalefbet.html The Ladino Alphabet]
* [http://lingua.cc.sophia.ac.jp/diksionario-LK/ Diksionario de Ladinokomunita]
* [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Spanish-Ladino/index.html Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Orbis Latinus]
* [http://www.primary-music.com Ladino music by [[SuZy]] and [[Margalit Matitiahu]] ]
* [http://www.grijalvo.com/Matilda_Koen_Sarano/b_Matilda_Kuzina_kongreso.htm A randomly selected example of use of ladino on the Worldwide Web: La komponente kulinaria i linguístika turka en la kuzina djudeo-espanyola]
* [http://www.tapuz.co.il/tapuzforum/main/anashim.asp?forum=420&pass=1 Israeli Ladino Language Forum (Hebrew)]
<br>
{{Romance languages}}
{{Jewish language}}
[[Category:Ladino language| ]]
[[Category:Judeo-Romance languages]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]
[[af:Ladino]]
[[als:Ladino]]
[[am:ላዲኖ]]
[[an:Chodigoespañol]]
[[ast:Xudeoespañol]]
[[br:Ladinoeg]]
[[ca:Judeocastellà]]
[[cs:Ladino]]
[[pdc:Ladino]]
[[de:Sephardische Sprache]]
[[el:Ισπανοεβραϊκή γλώσσα]]
[[es:Idioma judeoespañol]]
[[fr:Ladino (langue)]]
[[ko:라디노어]]
[[id:Bahasa Ladino]]
[[ia:Ladino]]
[[os:Ладино]]
[[it:Lingua giudeo-spagnola]]
[[he:לאדינו]]
[[ka:ლადინო]]
[[lad:Idioma djudeo-espanyol]]
[[hu:Ladino nyelv]]
[[nl:Ladino (sefardische taal)]]
[[ja:ジュデズモ語]]
[[no:Ladino]]
[[nn:Ladino]]
[[pl:Ladino (dialekt judeo-hiszpański)]]
[[pt:Judeu-espanhol]]
[[ro:Limba ladino]]
[[ru:Сефардский язык]]
[[simple:Ladino language]]
[[sk:Ladino]]
[[fi:Ladino (espanja)]]
[[sv:Ladino]]
[[th:ภาษาลาดิโน]]
[[tr:Ladino]]
[[zh:拉迪諾語]]
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